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建议 Minerals 250 Kilometers Down Key to Life on Blue-&-Other Planet
Minerals 250 Kilometers Down Key to Life on Blue-&-Other Planet
所属频道: 探索发现 || 2007-10-11 13:08:08 ||浏览: 17 || 关键字: Blue-&-Other Planet earth
If the Earth did not have the ability to store oxygen in the deep reaches of its mantle there would probably be no life on its surface. This is the conclusion reached by scientists at the University of Bonn who have subjected the mineral majorite, which normally occurs only at a depth of several hundred kilometers under very high pressures and temperatures, to close laboratory examination.
The Bonn researchers have published their findings in the journal "Nature," demonstrating that, under these conditions, the mineral stores oxygen and performs as an oxygen reservoir. As Professor Dr. Christian Ballhaus from the Mineralogical Institute at the Bonn University explains, "The higher the pressure, the more oxygen can be stored by majorite.".Near the earth's surface the structure breaks down, releasing oxygen, which then binds with hydrogen from the earth's interior to form water. Without this mechanism our "Blue Planet" might well be as dry and inhospitable as Mars.
At the boundaries between the tectonic plates in what are called the subduction zones this seemingly solid ground is drawn down many hundreds of kilometers into the hot interior. As the material descends it takes with it oxygen, which is bound as iron oxide in the earth's mantle oxygen that derives from the dim distant beginnings of the universe.
Nearing the earth's surface the pressure in the mantle becomes too weak to maintain the majorite, which then decomposes. "That's where the stored oxygen is released," notes Ballhaus, whose team is the first to investigate this mechanism under laboratory conditions. "Near the surface it is made available for all the oxidation reactions that are essential for life on earth."
Without the "oxygen elevator" in its mantle the earth would probably be a barren planet hostile to life. "According to our findings, planets below a certain size hardly have any chance of forming a stable atmosphere with a high water content," points out Arno Rohrbach, doctoral student in the research team at the Mineralogical Institute. "The pressure in their mantle is just not high enough to store sufficient oxygen in the rock and release it again at the surface."
The bigger the planet, the greater is its capacity to store heat; and, correspondingly, the longer-lasting and more intensive is the convection in its crust. Mars, for example, with a diameter of about 7,000 kilometers (the earth's diameter measures 12,700 km) cooled down long ago to a level at which there is no longer any movement in its mantle. "Its crust has therefore lost the ability to transport oxygen and maintain a lasting water-rich atmosphere," Professor Ballhaus elucidates.
In other respects, too, the size of a planet is decisive for the formation of an atmosphere. Only if temperatures in a planet's interior are high enough for it to have a fluid metal core can it develop a magnetic field. The magnetic field operates like a bastion in the face of solar winds. Over time, these winds would otherwise simply blow the atmosphere away.
Minerals 250 Kilometers Down Key to Life on Blue-&-O
蓝色星球表层250千米深的矿物质决定行星上是否有生命
如果地球没有在地幔深处贮藏氧气的能力,很可能就没有生命生活在其表面。德国波恩大学的科学家们对镁铁榴石进行了精密测试后得出这一结论。镁铁榴石(majorite)通常只存在于深几百公里、有非常高的压力和温度的部位。
波恩研究人员已经在杂志《自然》上发表了他们的研究结果,论证在这种条件下,这种矿物质贮藏氧气并充当氧气库。正象波恩大学矿物学研究所的教授,威廉鲍尔博士解释的那样:“压力越高,镁铁榴石可贮藏的氧气越多。”接近地球表面处,这种结构解体,释放出氧气,氧气与地球内部的氢结合形成水。如果没有这个机制,我们的“蓝色星球”,可能就会象火星一样干旱和不适合居住。
板块边缘被称为活动和停滞俯冲带,这个看似稳固的地面被拉进几百公里深的炽热的内部。当矿物质下沉时它携带了氧元素;这些氧元素来源于远古宇宙起源时,以氧化铁形式贮藏在地球的地幔里。
接近地球表面,地幔的压力变得过于薄弱,不足以维持镁铁榴石,然后镁铁榴石分解。“在那里的氧气被子释放了,”威廉鲍尔说。首次在实验室条件下调查这一机制的是威廉鲍尔的研究小组。“靠近表面可以发生所有的氧化反应,这些氧化反应是地球上出现生命的必须条件。”
在其地幔中如果没有“氧气提升机”,地球很可能是一个生命难以存在的荒芜星球。“根据我们的调查结果,小于一定尺寸的行星很难有机会形成具有高含水量的、稳定的大气层,”矿物学研究所研究团队的博士研究生Arno Rohrbach指出,“它们地幔中的压力不够高,不能贮藏足够的氧气在岩石中,也不能再次将氧释放到地面上。”
行星越大,存储热能的容量越大;相应地持续时间更长,地壳里的对流越强。举例来说,火星直径约为7000多公里(地球的直径为12700公里),早就冷却到了地幔没有任何运动的程度,“因此,它的地壳失去运输氧和维持一个长久富含水分的大气层,”教授威廉鲍尔解释说。
在其他方面也一样,行星的大小决定大气层的形成。只有当行星内部的温度高到足以形成流体金属核时,它可以形成磁场。在太阳风吹拂下,这个磁场起到堡垒的作用。如果没有这个磁场堡垒,随着时间的推移,太阳风将把大气层完全吹走。
如果地球没有在地幔深处贮藏氧气的能力,很可能就没有生命生活在其表面。德国波恩大学的科学家们对镁铁榴石进行了精密测试后得出这一结论。镁铁榴石(majorite)通常只存在于深几百公里、有非常高的压力和温度的部位。
波恩研究人员已经在杂志《自然》上发表了他们的研究结果,论证在这种条件下,这种矿物质贮藏氧气并充当氧气库。正象波恩大学矿物学研究所的教授,威廉鲍尔博士解释的那样:“压力越高,镁铁榴石可贮藏的氧气越多。”接近地球表面处,这种结构解体,释放出氧气,氧气与地球内部的氢结合形成水。如果没有这个机制,我们的“蓝色星球”,可能就会象火星一样干旱和不适合居住。
板块边缘被称为活动和停滞俯冲带,这个看似稳固的地面被拉进几百公里深的炽热的内部。当矿物质下沉时它携带了氧元素;这些氧元素来源于远古宇宙起源时,以氧化铁形式贮藏在地球的地幔里。
接近地球表面,地幔的压力变得过于薄弱,不足以维持镁铁榴石,然后镁铁榴石分解。“在那里的氧气被子释放了,”威廉鲍尔说。首次在实验室条件下调查这一机制的是威廉鲍尔的研究小组。“靠近表面可以发生所有的氧化反应,这些氧化反应是地球上出现生命的必须条件。”
在其地幔中如果没有“氧气提升机”,地球很可能是一个生命难以存在的荒芜星球。“根据我们的调查结果,小于一定尺寸的行星很难有机会形成具有高含水量的、稳定的大气层,”矿物学研究所研究团队的博士研究生Arno Rohrbach指出,“它们地幔中的压力不够高,不能贮藏足够的氧气在岩石中,也不能再次将氧释放到地面上。”
行星越大,存储热能的容量越大;相应地持续时间更长,地壳里的对流越强。举例来说,火星直径约为7000多公里(地球的直径为12700公里),早就冷却到了地幔没有任何运动的程度,“因此,它的地壳失去运输氧和维持一个长久富含水分的大气层,”教授威廉鲍尔解释说。
在其他方面也一样,行星的大小决定大气层的形成。只有当行星内部的温度高到足以形成流体金属核时,它可以形成磁场。在太阳风吹拂下,这个磁场起到堡垒的作用。如果没有这个磁场堡垒,随着时间的推移,太阳风将把大气层完全吹走。

