CM: ALM透明的下一代

When it comes to IT governance, a key issue is transparency of process and data, all the way up the chain.当谈到IT治理，其中一个关键问题是透明的程序和数据，所有的路了链条。

Senior executives must be able to say: We understand the process, and the data confirms that we're following the process.  The problem in the CM world has been that the tools have been oriented to the design team, and not to the executives.  Why is this and how can it change?高层管理人员必须能够说：据我们了解，这个过程中，以及数据证实，我们正在按照进程，该问题，在厘米世界一直认为工具已经为导向，以设计团队，而不是行政人员。这是为什么和如何才能改变？

The why is simple.  When the first movies came out, there was a theme: the world of entertainment - movies about broadway, about movies, about stars.  The entertainment industry focused on what it knew best - the entertainment industry.为什么很简单，当第一个电影出来后，有一个主题：世界各地的娱乐-电影约百老汇，关于电影，关于明星娱乐行业的重点是什么，它最清楚-娱乐业的发展。 And this persisted for many years, although it was complemented by many movies that were also "outside the box".  Well it's the same with SCM tools.  Our first focus was both on managing software and on helping developers.  It was not focused on the business side of things.这持续了多年，尽管它是由许多电影也是"外箱" ，那么它的同一与SCM工具，我们的第一个焦点是双方对管理软件和帮助开发商，它是不是侧重于商业方面的东西。

In the emerging 3rd generation of CM tools, we see a definite shift.  Perhaps this is brought on by the understanding that to sell these tools, upper management must buy in.  Perhaps it's just maturity.  Perhaps it's because the scope of CM just continues to widen - CM is, after all, a backbone technology.  In reality, it's all of these and in recent years, the IT governance issues of the business world has shifted the focus in each of these areas.  Executives want to give more direction in tool selection; vendors realize that the business world is not disjoint from development; and CM has cleary grown in scope to ALM and in third and fourth generation products will cover a much wider portion of the business model.在新兴的第三代公分工具，使我们看到一个明确的转变，这可能是带来的，由理解，即以出售这些工具，上层管理部门必须购买英寸或许这只是个成熟的，也许这是因为它的范围公分只是继续拓宽-厘米，毕竟，一个骨干技术，在现实中，它的所有这些措施和近几年，它的治理问题的商业世界已转移焦点，在每一个领域。高管希望给予更多方向的工具选择;供应商认识到，商业世界是不是不交，从发展和CM已Cleary先生种植范围，以资产负债管理，并在第三代和第四代产品，将涵盖更广泛的部分业务模式。

The Basics 基础知识
So what does it take to provide transparency of process and data up the chain of command?  It takes a good combination of vision and technology.  From a CM perspective, the processes must be integrated with the CM function without imposing undue overhead on the development team.  The best way to accomplish this is to provide processes and tools which actually improve productivity while improving process.  And this has to be accomplished while providing the flexibility to model the required processes precisely.所以它的内涵是什么，采取以提供透明的程序和数据了指挥链？需要一个良好的结合视觉和技术，从医药的角度来看，过程必须结合公分功能，而无须施加不当开销开发团队。最好的方式做到这一点，是规定程序和手段，这实际上是提高生产率，同时提高的过程。这有待完成，同时提供了灵活性，以模型所需的过程，正是。

The problems arise when we attempt to integrate tools together.  Second generation CM tools performed tool integration with plenty of glue.这个问题出现时，当我们试图整合各种工具在一起。二代公分工具的表现工具，集成了很多胶水。 The problem with glue is that it is inflexible, not to mention the time it takes to glue things together in the first place.这个问题用胶水是，它是一成不变的，更遑论所花费的时间粘合在一起，摆在首位。 A secondary and related problem was the lack of a single repository to hold all of the CM data.  Even when nice data-sourcing front ends can be applied to all of the underlying repositories, there is still a multiplication of effort and technology to address things such as multiple site operation, consistency of backups, security and access permissions, and integrated process work flow.一所中学和有关问题的主要原因是缺乏一个单一的储存库，以容纳所有的数据厘米，即使当尼斯数据搜寻前端，可以适用于所有的潜在存放处，还存在着乘法的努力和技术处理事情例如多重工地运作，一致性的备份，安全和访问权限，并集成工艺工作流程。 Most integrated toolsets do not attempt to deal with these issues across the board.  The CM niche deals with file revisions and often advertises a multiple site solution based on this single slice of the pie.  The result is a tool administration nightmare.最集成工具切勿尝试自行处理这些问题全国委员会。公分利基处理文件修订，并常常标榜多次现场解决方案在此基础上的单一市场上的份额。结果，是一个工具，政府的噩梦。

Third generation tools address these problems by ensuring:第三代工具解决这些问题，以确保：

• <Data> A common repository across the ALM spectrum and beyond <data>一个共同存放全国ALM的频谱及以后
• <Process> A common process workflow engine <process>一个共同的过程中的工作流引擎
• <User Interface>  A common user interface across the ALM spectrum <user interface>一个共同的用户界面，全国各地的ALM谱

These are augmented with some level of flexibility that permit processes to be adjusted to meet requirements.  A couple of Canadian vendors (MKS and Neuma) have extensive capabilities in this area, allowing not only the extension of existing process models, but also an expansion of the application set to address areas of the process that are more specific to a vertical market.  So additional apps may be added to the toolset to address lab hardware management, customer and site tracking, and business case management.  In order to minimize the amount of tool integration and glue, toolset expansion is a very desireable feature.  A common Data, Process and User Interface architecture allows growth without incurring additional learning curve or administration, in most cases, apart from understanding the business processes.这是增强与某种程度的灵活性，允许流程予以调整，以适应需要。一对夫妇加国厂商（ MKS提供和neuma ）拥有广泛的能力，在这方面，让不仅是扩建现有的过程模型，而且还扩大申请设置，以处理该进程更加具体到一个垂直市场，所以更多的应用程序，可添加到工具，以解决实验室的硬件管理，客户和现场追踪，以及业务案件管理方面，为了尽量减少金额工具集成和胶水，工具扩展是一个非常理想的功能。共同的数据，处理和用户界面架构允许增长带来额外的学习曲线或政府，在多数情况下，除了了解业务流程。

Third generation systems will be well-positioned to address executive use of the ALM tools.  But addressing the above problems is not a sufficient condition.第三代系统将更好地进行市场定位，以解决行政机关使用的资产负债管理工具，但解决上述问题，是不是一个充分条件。

Process Model 过程模型
Once the basic components are in place, we need to address the process thoroughly.  There are a number of process tools out there, but they really must be well integrated into the CM/ALM toolset to provide adequate control.  Some components that need to be managed include:一旦基本结构是在地方，我们必须正视这一进程深入，有一些进程工具，在那里，但他们真的必须有充分融入厘米/资产负债管理工具，以提供足够的控制，有些部件需要加以管理包括：

• Object State Flow物流
• Inter-object Work Flow跨对象的工作流程
• Access Permissions访问权限

Essentially, it must be possible to address a set of requirements that identify how data moves through the system, how it interacts with other parts of the system, and who has permissions to trigger/execute various parts of the process and change the related data.本质上，它必须尽可能以解决一套要求确定如何动作，数据通过该系统，它如何与其他的系统部分，以及谁过去有权限启动/执行各种零件的过程中，改变相关数据。

Object State Flow is a key component of an process model that can be easily expanded.  The central data object is identified and then the states of the object, and the transitions between states.对象流是一个关键组成部分，是一个过程模型，可以很容易扩展。中央数据对象是确定的，然后在该国的反对，以及转型国家之间的关系。 This determines how a customer request is handled, or how a build is tracked through to production and delivery.这就决定了如何在客户要求办理，或者如何建造，是贯串到生产和交货。

Inter-object work flow deals with rules for and triggers of actions on related objects based on the state of one object.  This is usually managed using specifically designed rules and triggers against the transitions of an object state flow.  It is also dealt with through user interface actions which trigger object actions across multiple objects.  Implicit in Inter-object work flow is the data that provides full traceability between objects.  It is not sufficient to have actions interwork.跨对象的工作流程，处理规则和触发器的行动对相关对象的基础上，国家的一个对象，这是通常的管理，用特殊设计的规则和触发器对转型的一个对象流，它也处理通过用户界面的行动引发反对行动，在多个物体。隐含在跨对象的工作流程是数据提供充分追踪对象之间，这是完全不足够有行动互联。 Nor is it sufficient to provide an audit trail of what actions were performed.  The resulting data links which provide traceability are crucial to the reporting function, and this will be the key to executive buy-in to using the tool.它也不是提供足够的审计线索什么行动表现。由此产生的数据链接，其中提供可追踪性是至关重要的报告功能，而这将成为关键，以行政买入到使用的工具。

Access Permissions are handled in many ways.  The simplest and most common way is through providing role-based user interfaces.  The users can only do what the tool allows them to do.  Even if the user interfaces aren't foolproof (eg a Command Line Interface can be used to circumvent the restrictions), they provide a key component of process work flow by guiding users of each role through their tasks.访问权限的处理方式是多方面的最简单和最常见的方式是通过提供基于角色的用户界面。使用者只能做什么工具，让他们这样做，即使用户界面是不是万全（如命令行接口，可以用来规避限制） ，他们提供的一个关键组成部分的过程中的工作流程，引导用户的每一个角色，通过完成他们的任务。 To tighten access further, a lower layer of data access permissions must provide assurance that only those specifically authorized have the appropriate access to the data.  This includes capabilities to meet ITAR regulations which require data to be physically and/or logically separated into access partitions so that only those authorized to access the data can see and/or change it.  CM vendors are stepping up to meet ITAR requirement if for no other reason than they want to sell to the US government.收紧准入此外，较低层的数据存取权限，必须提供保证，只有那些具体授权，有适当获得的数据，这包括能力，以满足俄通社规章规定的数据被物理和/或逻辑上分为接入分割，使只有那些授权的存取资料时，可以看到和/或改变它。公分厂商都在加紧进行，以满足俄罗斯的要求，如果别无其他理由比他们要卖给美国政府。

When these capabilities are present, it's possible to tune the solution to the corporate requirements.  This gives executives control because they can mandate, in a more cost-effective and timely manner, what their own requirements are.当这些功能都在场，它有可能调，解决了企业的要求，这给高管控制的，因为他们可以授权，在一个更具成本效益和及时，有什么自己的要求。

Executive Buy-in: Reporting 执行回购：举报
All of these are capabilities are great for control and for usue by the development team but will only go so far toward getting senior management useful tools for themselves..  They need the appropriate level of reporting to go with them.  The reporting is not only for senior management, but for the whole team to be able to function more productively and coherently.  Reporting must be able to cover these areas:所有这些都是功能都是伟大的，为控制和usue由开发团队，但只会跑那么远朝着越来越高级管理人员有用的工具，为自己..他们需要适当水平的报告去与他们报告，不只是为了高层管理人员，但对于整个团队要能够功能更富有成效和连贯。报道必须能够涵盖这些领域：

• Process - Process reporting must answer the questions:  What is the process?进程-进程报告必须回答的问题：什么是过程？ What "to-do lists" do I have?什么叫"以待办事项清单" ，我是否有？
• Data - From Dashboards, to drill-down summaries, to overview and to detailed levels, daa must be presented in a useful manner.数据-从仪表板，以钻下来的摘要，简介，并详细各级的D AA必须在一个有用方式。
• Tools - Do I know what tools are being used in my business and is it possible to track the revisions of these?工具-这样做，我知道什么工具正被用于在我的业务，并有可能跟踪修改这些吗？
• Metrics - Metrics identify key measures of how well the process is working and how well the team is performing.度量-度量找出关键措施如何，以及这个过程的工作，以及如何做好团队表演。

From a process perspective, reporting must clearly indicate how things are working.  It's not sufficient any more to have printed documentation (typically out-of-date) showing the process.  Instead, at a minimum, live state flow diagrams should be available and should reflect the actual data driving the process.  These need to be augmented with a list of "to-do lists" provided for each role.  The executive wants to know that the process is well oiled.  He wants to be able to observe the process from an overview perspective, and make sure that everyone has their data-driven marching orders.  Form reviews, for data entry, will likely be delegated down to the project or process office.  The executive should be able to assume proper forms exist based on the data and capabilities he has through the reporting function.从过程来看，报告必须明确说明如何事情都是工作，因为它并非足够多有印刷文件（通常是不合时宜的） ，显示过程中，而是在最低限度，活状态流程图应可，并应反映实际数据驱动的过程，这需要加强与名单" ，以办名单"中所规定的每一个角色。长官要知道过程是好油，他希望能够观察过程中，从概况来看，并确保每个人都有自己的数据驱动的队列命令。形式审查，数据录入，将可能下放下来，以项目或程序办公室。执行，应该可以承担适当的形式存在，基于数据和能力，他已经通过报告功能。

"To-Do Lists", sometimes referred to as "Inboxes", need to be visible and easily specified on a per-role, and sometimes on a per-user, basis.  The CM/ALM function should drive the team based on the data within it.  When a piece of data is in a given state, it requires a certain role to advance it through to the next state.  That means it needs to be on somebody's to-do list.  The user interface must make it easy to identify what is on a user's to-do list so that the user is aware of his or her priorities without the need for manual intervention. "待办事项清单" ，有时称为"收件箱" ，需要得到看得见，很容易就指明每个角色，而有时对每个用户，依据。厘米/ ALM的功能应推动团队的基础上，数据，它的时候，一块数据，是在一个特定国家，它需要一定的作用，以推进它贯穿到下一状态，这意味着它必须对别人的，以待办事项。用户界面必须使之不易确定哪些是对用户的，以待办事项清单，让用户知道他或她的优先次序，而不需要人工干预。

From a data perspective, the executive is largely driven by a combination of charts and risk reports.  It must be possible to provide these across the CM/ALM function.  Charts may cover things such as problem/defect arrival rate/fix rate, customer-specific response rates, project schedules, product and development status, requirements coverage and verification results.  At one level, a basic set of functionality must be provided out of the box.从数据上来看，行政机关主要是由多种图表及风险报告，它必须能够提供这些全国厘米/ ALM的功能。图表，有可能掩盖的东西，如问题/缺陷的到达率/固定利率，客户-具体的回应率，项目日程，进行产品和发展的现状，要求报道和核实结果，在一个层面上，一组基本的功能都必须提供出的包装盒。 But at another level, the executive must be able to ask for specific reports and have them readily available.  Better yet, the tools must support easily-specified, interactive queries for facilitating meetings.  If reports don't have to be cut and pasted into a presentation all the better.  If what-if scenarios can be easily dealt with, even better.但在另一个层面上，执行必须能够提出具体的报告，并且已经齐备，再好不过了，这些工具必须支持轻松地指明，交互式查询，为促进会议，如果报告没有被削减，并粘贴到介绍了所有越好，如果有什么，如果情况可以很容易地处理了，甚至更好。

Data reporting includes the ability to design custom dashboards for each management role.  In some cases this will take a few minutes, in others a few days.  When it goes beyond that, it tends to be less useful.  Dashboards need to be in drill-down format so that the top-level status information can be expanded into summaries and drilled-down to the details in specific cases - such as for emergency problems or for high-risk items.数据报告包括了这样的功能设计，定制，仪表板，为每一个管理角色，在某些情况下，这将需要几分钟的时间，但在其他几天的时候，它超越，它往往用处不大。仪表板必须在钻孔下跌格式，使最高级别的状态信息，可以扩展到摘要和钻孔回落到细节在特定情况下-例如，紧急问题或高风险的项目。

Summary charts should be interactive so that any line of a graph or bar of a gantt chart can be zoomed into for a greater level of detail.  In particular, the need to traverse traceability links must be present.  One record at a time traceability is better than nothing, but the ability to instantly traverse a whole set of records is much better oriented to the manager.  Some managers want to know which requirements have failed in a test run.  Others want to know what features and problems are being delivered in a new release.  Others want to know what resources are required to complete a proposed set of functionality.  These all involve a level of traceability.  Advanced database capabilities are a pre-requisite to such capabilities.简要的图表应该是互动，使任何路线图或酒吧一个甘特图，可缩放到一个更高层次的细节方面，尤其需要导线可追溯性链接必须在场，其中一个记录在一个时间可追溯性，是更好地比什么都没有，但是自从能即刻导线一整套纪录是好得多面向经理人，有些经理人想知道其中的规定未能在试运行。别人想知道哪些特点和问题，是正在交付的一个新的释放。别人想知道有什么资源需要填写提出一套功能，这些都涉及到某种程度的可追溯性。先进的数据库功能是一个先决条件，以这种能力。

From a tools perspective, it's important to be able to identify which tools are in use at which time.  Did a new accounting system cause the sudden change in corporate performance or was it a real change?  Are the CM tools adequate to ensure that what we say we're delivering is what we're delivering?  Are changes to the toolset properly verified and authorized?  This is a level of functionality that more directly impacts on the Sarbanes-Oxley requirements.  And the tools tracked should not be restricted to the traditional set of CM tools.  It's not necessary to store the tools in the repository, though this would be nice.  But it is necessary to clearly identify exactly which revisions of which tools were used at which times.  And this includes in-house tools as well.从一个工具的角度来看，它的重要的是能够找出哪些工具是在使用上的时间有没有新的会计制度造成的突然转变，在企业业绩或它是一个真正的改变呢？都是公分工具足以确保我们说，我们提供的是什么我们提供什么变化，从而工具适当核查，并授权呢？这是一个层面的功能，更直接的影响，对萨班斯-奥克斯利法案的要求。和工具履带不应该局限在传统一套公分工具，因为它并非是必要的储存工具，在储存，尽管这会是非常好的，但要清楚地辨明究竟是哪修改，其中工具被用来在这时候，而且这包括在公司内部工具，以及。

Finally, metrics are crucial to understanding how well your process is working and to discovering bottlenecks or other areas of potential improvement.  Watching the march of a metric over time is an interesting activity if nothing else.  Well defined metrics will respond to process tuning so that the effect of the tuning is readily visible.  Patterns over time allow us to better predict the future:  for example, what does verification failure rates tell us about release readiness?最后，衡量标准是关键，以了解如何以及你的过程，是工作，并发现瓶颈或其他方面的潜在改善。注视三月的度量随着时间的推移，是一个有趣的活动，如果什么都没有了。明确的衡量标准，将响应过程校正，使效果调音是随时可见。格局随着时间的推移，使我们能够更好地预测未来：举例来说，究竟核查不合格率告诉我们释放愿意吗？ Even more telling may be the rate of customer request arrivals.更告诉可能的速度客户要求来港定居。

The CM Way 中医方式
The transparency required by the business world will be attained.  The question is, at what cost and with what accuracy.  The CM/ALM world is familiar with these sorts of requirements, and as a backbone technology is well-positioned to address them.  It will mean expanding scope once again (as is already happening).  But it will also give way to significant growth in the industry if we successfully take on the challenge.透明度要求的商业世界，将能实现。问题是，在所涉及的费用，并与准确性。厘米/ ALM的世界是熟悉这些各种各样的要求，并作为骨干技术是非常有利的地位，以解决这些问题。将意味着扩大范围，再一次（这已经发生） ，但它也将让路给显着增长，在工业，如果我们成功地承担起了挑战。

Joe Farah is the President and CEO of Neuma Technology and is a regular contributor to the CM Journal. 乔法拉是总裁兼首席执行官的neuma技术，并经常为中医杂志。 Prior to co-founding Neuma in 1990 and directing the development of CM+, Joe was Director of Software Architecture and Technology at Mitel, and in the 1970s a Development Manager at Nortel (Bell-Northern Research) where he developed the Program Library System (PLS) still heavily in use by Nortel's largest projects. 事先协调neuma成立于1990年，导演等的发展公分+ ，是乔总的软件体系结构和技术为Mitel ，以及在1970年代开发经理北电网络（贝尔-北方研究） ，他开发出程序库系统（薪酬水平调查） ，仍然在大量使用的北电的最大项目。 A software developer since the late 1960s, Joe holds a BASc. 一个软件开发商自上世纪60年代末，乔持有basc 。 degree in Engineering Science from the University of Toronto. 攻读工程科学，从多伦多大学。 You can contact Joe at 你可以联络乔在 farah@neuma.com This e-mail address is being protected from spam bots, you need JavaScript enabled to view it 这个电子邮件地址是受spam bots保护，需要使用Javascript功能来查阅。